Anal human papillomavirus and HIV: A cross-sectional study among men who have sex with men in Moscow, Russia, 2012–2013

Anal human papillomavirus (HPV) is prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM), but has not been studied in the Russian Federation. A cross-sectional survey and HPV genotyping were conducted among HIV seropositive (n=58) and seronegative MSM (n=65) in Moscow. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify correlates of infection with onco-genic HPV genotypes 16 and/or 18 (HPV 16/18). Forty per cent (49/124) of all MSM were infected with at least one anal HPV genotype, 31.5% (39/124) had HPV16/18, and 11.5% (14/121) had high-grade squamous intraepi-thelial lesions (HSIL). HPV 16/18 was more prevalent in HIV seropositive than seronegative men (24/58, 41.4% vs 15/65, 23.1%; p=0.03). HIV infection was independently associated with HPV 16/18 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 5.08; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.49–17.34, p=0.01), as was having 2–4 steady male sex partners in the last year (vs ≤ 1 partner; AOR: 6.99; 95%CI: 1.94–25.24, p<0.01). History of prison/detention, migration to/within Russia and use of incompatible lubricants were marginally associated with HPV 16/18 (p<0.10). Comprehensive prevention options are needed to address HIV and HPV infection among MSM in Russia and may benefit from inclusion of young men in piloted HPV vaccination programmes.