TY - JOUR
T1 - Allergic contact dermatitis to nickel
T2 - Bioavailability from consumer products and provocation threshold
AU - Emmett, Edward A.
AU - Risby, Terence H.
AU - Jiang, Long
AU - Ng, See Ket
AU - Feinman, Susan
N1 - Funding Information:
From the Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and United States Consumer Products Safety Commission, Washington.*** Supported in part by a contract from the United States Consumer Products Safety Commission. Accepted for publication Dec. 11, 1987. Reprint requests to: Dr. Edward A. Emmett, National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety, G.P.O. Box 58, Sydney, N.S.W. 2001, Australia. *Visiting Scholar from Shanghai Medical University, Shanghai, Peo-ple's Republic of China. **Present address: Middle Road Hospital, Republic of Singapore. ***Present address: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC.
PY - 1988
Y1 - 1988
N2 - Twelve subjects sensitive to nickel underwent patch testing with serial dilutions of nickel sulfate in petrolatum and in water. The provocation threshold (the lowest amount of nickel producing a reaction) varied from 5.2 mg (2.5%) to 0.47 μg (0.01%) when tested in petrolatum. The provocation threshold was higher with aqueous solutions. The lowest provocation threshold in a statistically significant number of individuals was 1,5 (μg. Nickel bioavailability from dermatitis-inducing earrings and a necklace was determined by immersing them in plasma, normal saline solution, and synthetic sweat at different pH values over 7 days. Nickel leaching under these conditions exceeded the provocation threshold 1.4- to 93-fold, depending on object and solution. The time course varied with solution. After leaching, surf ace nickel was measured by the action of dilute nitric acid and total nickel was determined by complete dissolution in aqua regia. Nickel was more bioavailable from earrings than from the necklace, presumably reflecting different metallurgy. Plasma was the most effective solution for removing available nickel from earrings, a possible explanation for the frequent induction of sensitization by ear piercing. Comparison of provocation threshold and teaching results may help determine risks from consumer products.
AB - Twelve subjects sensitive to nickel underwent patch testing with serial dilutions of nickel sulfate in petrolatum and in water. The provocation threshold (the lowest amount of nickel producing a reaction) varied from 5.2 mg (2.5%) to 0.47 μg (0.01%) when tested in petrolatum. The provocation threshold was higher with aqueous solutions. The lowest provocation threshold in a statistically significant number of individuals was 1,5 (μg. Nickel bioavailability from dermatitis-inducing earrings and a necklace was determined by immersing them in plasma, normal saline solution, and synthetic sweat at different pH values over 7 days. Nickel leaching under these conditions exceeded the provocation threshold 1.4- to 93-fold, depending on object and solution. The time course varied with solution. After leaching, surf ace nickel was measured by the action of dilute nitric acid and total nickel was determined by complete dissolution in aqua regia. Nickel was more bioavailable from earrings than from the necklace, presumably reflecting different metallurgy. Plasma was the most effective solution for removing available nickel from earrings, a possible explanation for the frequent induction of sensitization by ear piercing. Comparison of provocation threshold and teaching results may help determine risks from consumer products.
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U2 - 10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70178-4
DO - 10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70178-4
M3 - Article
C2 - 3170796
AN - SCOPUS:0023685349
SN - 0190-9622
VL - 19
SP - 314
EP - 322
JO - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
JF - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
IS - 2
ER -