TY - JOUR
T1 - Age, period and cohort effects on the risk of major depression
T2 - results from five United States communities
AU - Wickramaratne, Priya J.
AU - Weissman, Myrna M.
AU - Leaf, Philip J.
AU - Holford, Theodore R.
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgements-This research was supported in part by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Mental Health Research Network on Risk and Protective factors in the Major Mental Disorders, and by the Yale Epidemiologic Catchment Area NIMH Grant MH40603alAl. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program was established as a series of five epidemiologic research studies performed by independent research teams in collaboration with staff of the Division of Biometry and Epidemiology (DBE) of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). The five sites are Yale University, UOl MH34224; Johns Hopkins University, UOl MH33870; Washington University, UOl MH33883; Duke University, UOl MH35386; University of California, Los Angeles, UOl MH35865.
Copyright:
Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 1989
Y1 - 1989
N2 - Rates of major depression are presented from the recently completed Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study based on probability samples of over 18,000 adults, 18 years of age and older, living in five U.S. communities. These rates were analyzed to describe simultaneously the changes affecting successive birth cohorts and the changes associated with the period in which the onset of the disorder occurred, using age-period-cohort (APC) models. The non-identifiability problem inherent in all APC models was resolved by assuming that the linear period effect and linear cohort effect were non-negative. This assumption is consistent with our a priori substantive knowledge of the disease. Under this assumption, as the linear period effect varies from its minimum to its maximum values, a family of curves representing the possible effects of a factor was generated for each of the time factors-age, period and cohort. The results of the analysis showed a sharp increase in rates of major depression among both men and women in the birth cohort born during the years 1935-1945. The rates among females, however, seemed to have stabilized in the generations born since 1945, while the rates in males continued to rise sharply among the cohorts born in the following decade, after which, in 1955, they also levelled off. In contrast, the rates associated with period of onset of major depression continued to increase between the years 1960-1980 among both men and women of all ages studied. These findings are considered in light of the persistent concentration of depression in women and in biologically related members of families of affected individuals.
AB - Rates of major depression are presented from the recently completed Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study based on probability samples of over 18,000 adults, 18 years of age and older, living in five U.S. communities. These rates were analyzed to describe simultaneously the changes affecting successive birth cohorts and the changes associated with the period in which the onset of the disorder occurred, using age-period-cohort (APC) models. The non-identifiability problem inherent in all APC models was resolved by assuming that the linear period effect and linear cohort effect were non-negative. This assumption is consistent with our a priori substantive knowledge of the disease. Under this assumption, as the linear period effect varies from its minimum to its maximum values, a family of curves representing the possible effects of a factor was generated for each of the time factors-age, period and cohort. The results of the analysis showed a sharp increase in rates of major depression among both men and women in the birth cohort born during the years 1935-1945. The rates among females, however, seemed to have stabilized in the generations born since 1945, while the rates in males continued to rise sharply among the cohorts born in the following decade, after which, in 1955, they also levelled off. In contrast, the rates associated with period of onset of major depression continued to increase between the years 1960-1980 among both men and women of all ages studied. These findings are considered in light of the persistent concentration of depression in women and in biologically related members of families of affected individuals.
KW - Cohort analysis
KW - Major depression
KW - Survival analysis
KW - Time trends
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U2 - 10.1016/0895-4356(89)90038-3
DO - 10.1016/0895-4356(89)90038-3
M3 - Article
C2 - 2723694
AN - SCOPUS:0024602153
VL - 42
SP - 333
EP - 343
JO - Journal of Chronic Diseases
JF - Journal of Chronic Diseases
SN - 0895-4356
IS - 4
ER -