TY - JOUR
T1 - Advanced cranial reconstruction using intracranial free flaps and cranial bone grafts
T2 - An algorithmic approach developed from the modern battlefield
AU - Kumar, Anand R.
AU - Tantawi, Diya
AU - Armonda, Rocco
AU - Valerio, Ian
PY - 2012/11/1
Y1 - 2012/11/1
N2 - Background: The objective of this study was to report outcomes after initiation of an algorithmic approach (Bethesda protocol) using intracranial free flaps, cranial bone autografts, and dermal/fat grafts to treat warfare-related cranial frontofacial defects after war-related decompressive craniectomy. Methods: A retrospective review of personnel undergoing complex cranial defect reconstruction that required free flap interpositions for dead space obliteration, cranial bone grafting, or dermal/fat grafting for orbital defects was performed over a 52-month period. Results: From March of 2003 to July of 2011, 13 patients were identified who underwent complex craniofacial defect reconstruction. All patients were male (average age, 25 years). Average follow-up was 3.6 years. Glasgow Coma Scale score was 7 initially and 9 on arrival to the continental United States. Average evacuation time was 4.2 days. Forty-six percent of injuries were blast injuries. Nine patients (69 percent) underwent hemicraniectomies and four (31 percent) underwent bifrontal craniectomies. Two patients required free flaps and four required free flaps and cranial bone grafts for skull base reconstruction. Five patients required cranial bone grafts and two required cranial bone grafts with dermal fat grafts for reconstruction. All patients were complication free at conclusion of the study. The initial free flap success rate was 86 percent (six of seven flaps). Successful frontal bar/free flap reconstruction was present in 100 percent and the secondary cranioplasty rate was 77 percent. Conclusion: Decompressive craniectomy defects associated with orbital, sinus, and skull base defects can be successfully reconstructed using an algorithmic approach with low morbidity and high secondary cranioplasty retention rates.
AB - Background: The objective of this study was to report outcomes after initiation of an algorithmic approach (Bethesda protocol) using intracranial free flaps, cranial bone autografts, and dermal/fat grafts to treat warfare-related cranial frontofacial defects after war-related decompressive craniectomy. Methods: A retrospective review of personnel undergoing complex cranial defect reconstruction that required free flap interpositions for dead space obliteration, cranial bone grafting, or dermal/fat grafting for orbital defects was performed over a 52-month period. Results: From March of 2003 to July of 2011, 13 patients were identified who underwent complex craniofacial defect reconstruction. All patients were male (average age, 25 years). Average follow-up was 3.6 years. Glasgow Coma Scale score was 7 initially and 9 on arrival to the continental United States. Average evacuation time was 4.2 days. Forty-six percent of injuries were blast injuries. Nine patients (69 percent) underwent hemicraniectomies and four (31 percent) underwent bifrontal craniectomies. Two patients required free flaps and four required free flaps and cranial bone grafts for skull base reconstruction. Five patients required cranial bone grafts and two required cranial bone grafts with dermal fat grafts for reconstruction. All patients were complication free at conclusion of the study. The initial free flap success rate was 86 percent (six of seven flaps). Successful frontal bar/free flap reconstruction was present in 100 percent and the secondary cranioplasty rate was 77 percent. Conclusion: Decompressive craniectomy defects associated with orbital, sinus, and skull base defects can be successfully reconstructed using an algorithmic approach with low morbidity and high secondary cranioplasty retention rates.
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U2 - 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318267d5cb
DO - 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318267d5cb
M3 - Article
C2 - 23096610
AN - SCOPUS:84871742519
SN - 0032-1052
VL - 130
SP - 1101
EP - 1109
JO - Plastic and reconstructive surgery
JF - Plastic and reconstructive surgery
IS - 5
ER -