TY - JOUR
T1 - Acquisition and retention of motor sequences
T2 - The effects of time of the day and sleep
AU - Kvint, S.
AU - Basiri-Tehrani, B.
AU - Pruski, A.
AU - Nia, J.
AU - Nemet, I.
AU - Lopresti, M.
AU - Moiselo, C.
AU - Perfeti, B.
AU - Ghilardi, M. F.
PY - 2011
Y1 - 2011
N2 - Study Objectives. We used a sequence-learning task to assess whether: 1. The time interval between awakening and training equally affects the rate of acquisition of sequence order, a declarative component, and the kinematic optimization process, an implicit component; 2. Sleep enhances the retention of both these aspects of sequence learning. Design. For aim 1, we compare the acquisition rate of a new motor sequence in a group trained in the morning and another in the evening. For aim 2, we tested retention of the same motor sequence twelve hours later, either without sleep (normal day activity or a night of sleep deprivation) or with interposed sleep (afternoon napping or regular full night sleep). Setting. Training and Testing were performed in a controlled laboratory setting. Participants. Thirty-six right-handed normal subjects (age range 18-24 years; 16 women). Results. During the training, acquisition rate of the sequence order was significantly higher in the AM-trained than in the PM-trained group, without differences in the kinematic optimization processes. Both declarative and implicit learning indices were significantly higher in the subjects tested after sleep compared to those tested without interposed sleep. Conclusion. The best time for fast and efficient acquisition of new declarative material is the morning, while the kinematic aspects of skill acquisition are not sensitive to the time of day. However, better retention of both declarative material and motor skills requires two conditions: a period of post-training sleep and the achievement of performance saturation during training.
AB - Study Objectives. We used a sequence-learning task to assess whether: 1. The time interval between awakening and training equally affects the rate of acquisition of sequence order, a declarative component, and the kinematic optimization process, an implicit component; 2. Sleep enhances the retention of both these aspects of sequence learning. Design. For aim 1, we compare the acquisition rate of a new motor sequence in a group trained in the morning and another in the evening. For aim 2, we tested retention of the same motor sequence twelve hours later, either without sleep (normal day activity or a night of sleep deprivation) or with interposed sleep (afternoon napping or regular full night sleep). Setting. Training and Testing were performed in a controlled laboratory setting. Participants. Thirty-six right-handed normal subjects (age range 18-24 years; 16 women). Results. During the training, acquisition rate of the sequence order was significantly higher in the AM-trained than in the PM-trained group, without differences in the kinematic optimization processes. Both declarative and implicit learning indices were significantly higher in the subjects tested after sleep compared to those tested without interposed sleep. Conclusion. The best time for fast and efficient acquisition of new declarative material is the morning, while the kinematic aspects of skill acquisition are not sensitive to the time of day. However, better retention of both declarative material and motor skills requires two conditions: a period of post-training sleep and the achievement of performance saturation during training.
KW - Consolidation
KW - Declarative learning
KW - Learning
KW - Motor skills
KW - Reaching
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M3 - Article
C2 - 22028091
AN - SCOPUS:80155194118
SN - 0003-9829
VL - 149
SP - 303
EP - 312
JO - Archives Italiennes de Biologie
JF - Archives Italiennes de Biologie
IS - 3
ER -