TY - JOUR
T1 - Achondroplasia in children
T2 - correlation of ventriculomegaly, size of foramen magnum and jugular foramina, and emissary vein enlargement
AU - Bosemani, Thangamadhan
AU - Orman, Gunes
AU - Hergan, Benedikt
AU - Carson, Kathryn A.
AU - Huisman, Thierry A.G.M.
AU - Poretti, Andrea
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
PY - 2014/1
Y1 - 2014/1
N2 - Purpose: Achondroplasia is a skeletal dysplasia with diminished growth of the skull base secondary to defective enchondral bone formation. This leads to narrowing of the foramen magnum and jugular foramina, which further leads to ventricular dilatation and prominence of the emissary veins. The primary goal of our study was to determine a correlation between the degree of ventricular dilatation, jugular foramina and foramen magnum narrowing, as well as emissary vein enlargement. Methods: Conventional T2-weighted MR images were evaluated for surface area of the foramen magnum and jugular foramina, ventricular dilatation, and emissary veins enlargement in 16 achondroplasia patients and 16 age-matched controls. Ratios were calculated for the individual parameters using median values from age-matched control groups to avoid age as a confounder. Results: Compared to age-matched controls, in children with achondroplasia, the surface area of the foramen magnum (median 0.50 cm2, range 0.23–1.37 cm2 vs. 3.14 cm2, 1.83–6.68 cm2, p < 0.001) and jugular foramina (median 0.02 cm2, range 0–0.10 cm2 vs. 0.21 cm2, 0.03–0.61 cm2, p < 0.001) were smaller, whereas ventricular dilatation (0.28, 0.24–0.4 vs. 0.26, 0.21–0.28, p < 0.001) and enlargement of emissary veins (6, 0–11 vs. 0, p < 0.001) were higher. Amongst the patients, Spearman correlation and multiple regression analysis did not reveal correlation for severity between the individual parameters. Conclusions: Our study suggests that in children with achondroplasia, (1) the variation in ventricular dilatation may be related to an unquantifiable interdependent relationship of emissary vein enlargement, venous channel narrowing, and foramen magnum compression and (2) stable ventricular size facilitated by interdependent factors likely obviates the need for ventricular shunt placement.
AB - Purpose: Achondroplasia is a skeletal dysplasia with diminished growth of the skull base secondary to defective enchondral bone formation. This leads to narrowing of the foramen magnum and jugular foramina, which further leads to ventricular dilatation and prominence of the emissary veins. The primary goal of our study was to determine a correlation between the degree of ventricular dilatation, jugular foramina and foramen magnum narrowing, as well as emissary vein enlargement. Methods: Conventional T2-weighted MR images were evaluated for surface area of the foramen magnum and jugular foramina, ventricular dilatation, and emissary veins enlargement in 16 achondroplasia patients and 16 age-matched controls. Ratios were calculated for the individual parameters using median values from age-matched control groups to avoid age as a confounder. Results: Compared to age-matched controls, in children with achondroplasia, the surface area of the foramen magnum (median 0.50 cm2, range 0.23–1.37 cm2 vs. 3.14 cm2, 1.83–6.68 cm2, p < 0.001) and jugular foramina (median 0.02 cm2, range 0–0.10 cm2 vs. 0.21 cm2, 0.03–0.61 cm2, p < 0.001) were smaller, whereas ventricular dilatation (0.28, 0.24–0.4 vs. 0.26, 0.21–0.28, p < 0.001) and enlargement of emissary veins (6, 0–11 vs. 0, p < 0.001) were higher. Amongst the patients, Spearman correlation and multiple regression analysis did not reveal correlation for severity between the individual parameters. Conclusions: Our study suggests that in children with achondroplasia, (1) the variation in ventricular dilatation may be related to an unquantifiable interdependent relationship of emissary vein enlargement, venous channel narrowing, and foramen magnum compression and (2) stable ventricular size facilitated by interdependent factors likely obviates the need for ventricular shunt placement.
KW - Achondroplasia
KW - Children
KW - Foramen magnum
KW - Magnetic resonance imaging
KW - Ventriculomegaly
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U2 - 10.1007/s00381-014-2559-4
DO - 10.1007/s00381-014-2559-4
M3 - Article
C2 - 25249421
AN - SCOPUS:84922004251
SN - 0256-7040
VL - 31
SP - 129
EP - 133
JO - Child's Nervous System
JF - Child's Nervous System
IS - 1
ER -