TY - JOUR
T1 - A systematic review of longitudinal studies on the association between depression and smoking in adolescents
AU - Chaiton, Michael O.
AU - Cohen, Joanna E.
AU - O'Loughlin, Jennifer
AU - Rehm, Jurgen
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was funded by the National Cancer Institute of Canada, with funds from the Canadian Cancer Society. Michael Chaiton is supported by a CIHR Doctoral Research Award. JOL holds a Canada Research Chair in the Early Determinants of Adult Chronic Disease.
PY - 2009
Y1 - 2009
N2 - Background. It is well-established that smoking and depression are associated in adolescents, but the temporal ordering of the association is subject to debate. Methods. Longitudinal studies in English language which reported the onset of smoking on depression in non clinical populations (age 13-19) published between January 1990 and July 2008 were selected from PubMed, OVID, and PsychInfo databases. Study characteristics were extracted. Meta-analytic pooling procedures with random effects were used. Results. Fifteen studies were retained for analysis. The pooled estimate for smoking predicting depression in 6 studies was 1.73 (95% CI: 1.32, 2.40; p < 0.001). The pooled estimate for depression predicting smoking in 12 studies was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.63; p < 0.001). Studies that used clinical measures of depression were more likely to report a bidirectional effect, with a stronger effect of depression predicting smoking. Conclusion. Evidence from longitudinal studies suggests that the association between smoking and depression is bidirectional. To better estimate these effects, future research should consider the potential utility of: (a) shorter intervals between surveys with longer follow-up time, (b) more accurate measurement of depression, and (c) adequate control of confounding.
AB - Background. It is well-established that smoking and depression are associated in adolescents, but the temporal ordering of the association is subject to debate. Methods. Longitudinal studies in English language which reported the onset of smoking on depression in non clinical populations (age 13-19) published between January 1990 and July 2008 were selected from PubMed, OVID, and PsychInfo databases. Study characteristics were extracted. Meta-analytic pooling procedures with random effects were used. Results. Fifteen studies were retained for analysis. The pooled estimate for smoking predicting depression in 6 studies was 1.73 (95% CI: 1.32, 2.40; p < 0.001). The pooled estimate for depression predicting smoking in 12 studies was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.63; p < 0.001). Studies that used clinical measures of depression were more likely to report a bidirectional effect, with a stronger effect of depression predicting smoking. Conclusion. Evidence from longitudinal studies suggests that the association between smoking and depression is bidirectional. To better estimate these effects, future research should consider the potential utility of: (a) shorter intervals between surveys with longer follow-up time, (b) more accurate measurement of depression, and (c) adequate control of confounding.
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U2 - 10.1186/1471-2458-9-356
DO - 10.1186/1471-2458-9-356
M3 - Article
C2 - 19772635
AN - SCOPUS:70350417847
SN - 1471-2458
VL - 9
JO - BMC public health
JF - BMC public health
M1 - 356
ER -