Abstract
Anticipating the direction of a confounding variable can be problematic especially to introductory students. Using elementary rules of mathematics, we describe below a simple instructional tool for deriving the direction of confounding bias. The tool is illustrated with examples and a heuristic mathematical justification is also described.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 421-423 |
Number of pages | 3 |
Journal | Annals of Epidemiology |
Volume | 15 |
Issue number | 6 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jun 2005 |
Keywords
- Bias
- Negative Confounding
- Positive Confounding
- Teaching Aid
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Medicine
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
- Epidemiology