Abstract
Conventional methods for vascular access and bile collection in the rat, such as the isolated perfused liver, study under anesthesia, and animal restraint, do not allow study of a physiologically intact rat. A simple technique for vascular access and monitoring of biliary secretions in the intact, unrestrained, unanesthetized rat for extended periods of time is described. Sample experiments demonstrated a 20% complication rate and an 85% 24-hour survival. This model may prove useful in studies requiring chronic vascular and visceral catheterization in the awake rat.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 539-542 |
| Number of pages | 4 |
| Journal | Physiology and Behavior |
| Volume | 48 |
| Issue number | 4 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Oct 1990 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- Bile secretion
- Gastrointestinal hormones
- Rat
- Vascular access
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
- Behavioral Neuroscience
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A model for biliary and vascular access in the unanesthetized, unrestrained rat. / Epstein, Robert E.; Branum, Gene D.; Cucchiaro, Giovanni; Meyers, William C.
In: Physiology and Behavior, Vol. 48, No. 4, 10.1990, p. 539-542.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - A model for biliary and vascular access in the unanesthetized, unrestrained rat
AU - Epstein, Robert E.
AU - Branum, Gene D.
AU - Cucchiaro, Giovanni
AU - Meyers, William C.
N1 - Funding Information: theticdeaths, fluid overload, excessive blood loss, hemocrarhuasegsic an increased gastrin release and a decreased gastric acid pancreatitis, or biliaasrcyi tesR. ats were routinely sacrificed at othuetput in response to acetylcholine infusion into isolated antral end of each experiment to allow histologic study, to insurpeo upcrohpeesr (12). Most general anesthetics cause hyperglycemia. functioning of all cannulas or due to excessive blood saHmopwlienvge.r, many (especially halothane) do not increase plasma However, a group of 30 rats prepared with femoral vein ciannsunluinla sle,vels, thereby decreasing the plasma glucose/insulin ratio biliary cannulas and the disposable pipette apparatus weraen dal loinwheibditing further pancreatic insulin release. mHea-lothane, to live in order to assess overall animal surviv9aOl. mAfitneurt ea tboxyflurane and chloroform produce decreased oxygen consump-postoperative recovery period, the rats underwent intravetinoonu sa nbdi leincrease glycolysis in rat liver slices (2). In isolated rat salt repletion and bile collection for 630 minutes. At the licvoenr cplur-eparations, the same anesthetics depress oxygen consump-sion of the experiment the rats were allowed to live an atdiodni,t iolancatlate utilization, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen synthesis 24 hours before sacrifice. Eight of thirty-two rats (27%b)u tw setriemulate the release of lactate and glucose into the perfusate excluded from the survival study due to technical compl(i3c)a.t iTohnes: uptake of free fatty acids by ether-anesthetized rats is irregular bile flo(w5 ), dislodged bile cannulas (2n) oannfdu nc-markedly increased compared to nonanesthetized rats (24). Expo-tioning venous line (1). Fourteen (64%) of the 22 rats swuirteh oouf trat hepatoma cells markedly decreases lipid synthesis and technical complications survived the entire 36 hours, 1s li(g4h.5tl%y )reduces DNA and protein synthesis (14). Obviously any died within twelve hours, 2 (9%) died between 12 and 2c4o nhcoluusrisons made from work performed in the anesthetized animal and5 (23%) died between 24 and 36 hours. must be considered carefully in light of the many possible physiologic derangements. The isolated rat liver has been invaluable in studying liver physiology, but also has shortcomings. The most obvious problem The rodent model is commonly used to study liver and biliaryis the bypassing of many variables during the investigation of physiology. The three most common experimental rodent modelsdirect effects on the liver. At some point one must extend the are the restrained rat, the anesthetized rat or the isolatepde rpfeursfeuds eedxperiments to the intact animal to more accurately rat liver. Despite the usefulness of these models, the ancimhaarlas catererize their physiologic relevance. Additionally, the per-subjected to significant physiologic derangement and are unable tofused system is limited by the relatively short time period over perform basic physiologic functions. which it will function. The primary flaw in the intact, unanesthetized, restraAinn eidmportant consideration in the anesthetized animal model, rodent model is the physiologic derangements caused byt hsetr eissosliantged rat liver, and perhaps even in the severely restrained the rodent. Researchers have long acknowledged the phaynsiimolaolg iisc the likelihood of hypothermia. Slight hypothermia of l-3 strain of excessive restraint and limitation of roaming aredae.g Treheess eCelsius can significantly alter normal hepatic physiology. stresses have been shown to cause significant physioloAg i1c-2a-dnedgree decrease in body temperature caused a substantial psychologic derangements including depressed growth, decreaseddecrease in ethanol and glycerol elimination, decrease in bile flow food intake, histologic alterations of the adrenal gland, aenldev iantteedrfered with hepatic uptake of indocyanine green in the cat serum glucose, compromised immune system, and in(1cr6e).a sSeimdilar results of decreased hepatic function as measured by acidity and hemorrhage of the stomach and duodenum (4b,r o1m0,s u1l3p,halein clearance during hypothermia have been seen in 20). The gastrointestinal, cardiac, endocrtibneorlmogoicre, gula-the intact dog (7). In the isolated rat liver, decreased perfusate tory and general debilitative effects caused by restraint toefm epxepreart-ures have led to significant decreases in bile flow and imental animals must be considered in the interpretahteipoant ico ffunction (5, 6, 18). Severe hypothermia has also been physiologic data gathered from restrained animals. shown to cause a 40% decrease in bile flow in pentobarbital The hyperalimentation literature has been particularly asneensstithiveetized rats (1). to the effects of stress on experimental animals and, accorTdhineg lrya,t model herein described overcomes some of the prob-have proposed significant improvements in traditional mloedmelss sfeoern in previous rodent models. This model permits study of chronic indwelling vascular a(c2c2e,s2s6 )T. he increased stress omf inimally restrained, unanesthetized, intact rats for extended the abdominal procedure and indwelling abdominal cpaethrieotdesr sof time. It also allows characterization of biliary secretion necessary in the gastrointestinal physiology models can oannlyd svearsvceular access during normal eating, drinking, and roaming to magnify the importance of the physiologic derangbeemheanvtios.r. The overall complication rate of 20% and 36-hour Therefore, the stresths eoefx perimental model must be minimiszuerdvival of 65% are acceptable. Although in our model the rat is in order to maintain the animal as physiologically nornmoat l toatsally free, the animal is significantly more mobile than a rat possible. in a restraining cage. The model allows for collection of bile, Studies of the anesthetized animal are complicatedv ebnyo uths einfusion, and arterial blood sampling and hemodynamic anesthetic’s profound physiologic effects on the central mnoenrvitoourisng in awake rats. This model could be equally useful for system, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, the kidneys, tshteu dliuens grsequiring cannulation of the pancreatic duct, hepatic veins, and the gastrointestinal sy(8s,t2e7m)F . urthermoreth, e physio-or portal tributaries for various studies in the awake rodent. logic alterations among various anesthetics are nonuniform and constitute an additional variable in comparing experimental re- sults. For example, pentobarbital causes a delay and decrease ofWe wish to express our gratitude to Mary Cox, Ezra HAallyyseosn and endogenous CCK release in response to intraduodenal fats. How-Gattis for their technical help and to Judy Mace for preparation of this ever, halothane completely inhibits CCK release and chloralosemanuscript. This project was funded by VA ResearNcHh-I fgurnadnst, causes no change in CCK release at all (17). PentobarbNitoa.l D aKl3s5o490 and National Research Service Award No. DK08155.
PY - 1990/10
Y1 - 1990/10
N2 - Conventional methods for vascular access and bile collection in the rat, such as the isolated perfused liver, study under anesthesia, and animal restraint, do not allow study of a physiologically intact rat. A simple technique for vascular access and monitoring of biliary secretions in the intact, unrestrained, unanesthetized rat for extended periods of time is described. Sample experiments demonstrated a 20% complication rate and an 85% 24-hour survival. This model may prove useful in studies requiring chronic vascular and visceral catheterization in the awake rat.
AB - Conventional methods for vascular access and bile collection in the rat, such as the isolated perfused liver, study under anesthesia, and animal restraint, do not allow study of a physiologically intact rat. A simple technique for vascular access and monitoring of biliary secretions in the intact, unrestrained, unanesthetized rat for extended periods of time is described. Sample experiments demonstrated a 20% complication rate and an 85% 24-hour survival. This model may prove useful in studies requiring chronic vascular and visceral catheterization in the awake rat.
KW - Bile secretion
KW - Gastrointestinal hormones
KW - Rat
KW - Vascular access
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0025048980&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0025048980&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90296-G
DO - 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90296-G
M3 - Article
C2 - 2075205
AN - SCOPUS:0025048980
VL - 48
SP - 539
EP - 542
JO - Physiology and Behavior
JF - Physiology and Behavior
SN - 0031-9384
IS - 4
ER -